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CWE-241 Base Rascunho
Improper Handling of Unexpected Data Type
This vulnerability occurs when software fails to properly validate or safely process data that arrives in an unexpected format. For example, the system might expect a numeric input but receives text…
Definição
What is CWE-241?
This vulnerability occurs when software fails to properly validate or safely process data that arrives in an unexpected format. For example, the system might expect a numeric input but receives text instead, leading to crashes, errors, or security issues.
At its core, this weakness is about broken assumptions in your code's data handling. Developers often write logic expecting data in a specific format—like integers, strings, or structured objects. When the incoming data doesn't match that type (e.g., a user submits 'abc' where a number is required), the application may throw unhandled exceptions, behave unpredictably, or expose internal system details through error messages.
To prevent this, implement strict input validation and type checking at all system boundaries. Use strong typing in your programming language where possible, and always sanitize and verify data from external sources like user inputs, APIs, or files before processing. Defensive coding practices, such as using try-catch blocks and designing functions to handle a range of input types gracefully, are essential to maintain stability and security when faced with unexpected data.
Impacto no mundo real
Real-world CVEs caused by CWE-241
-
FTP server crash via PORT command with non-numeric character.
-
Anti-virus product has assert error when line length is non-numeric.
Como os atacantes a exploram
Trajeto do atacante passo a passo
- 1
Identificar um caminho de código que trata input não confiável sem validação.
- 2
Criar um payload que explora o comportamento inseguro — injeção, traversal, overflow ou abuso de lógica.
- 3
Entregar o payload através de um pedido normal e observar a reação da aplicação.
- 4
Iterar até que a resposta exponha dados, execute código do atacante ou escale privilégios.
Exemplo de código vulnerável
Vulnerable pseudo
A MITRE não publicou um exemplo de código para este CWE. O padrão abaixo é ilustrativo — consulte os Recursos para referências canónicas.
// Example pattern — see MITRE for the canonical references.
function handleRequest(input) {
// Untrusted input flows directly into the sensitive sink.
return executeUnsafe(input);
} Exemplo de código seguro
Secure pseudo
// Validate, sanitize, or use a safe API before reaching the sink.
function handleRequest(input) {
const safe = validateAndEscape(input);
return executeWithGuards(safe);
} What changed: the unsafe sink is replaced (or the input is validated/escaped) so the same payload no longer triggers the weakness.
Lista de verificação de prevenção
How to prevent CWE-241
- Implementation Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does. When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue." Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Implementation Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
Sinais de deteção
How to detect CWE-241
Executar testes dinâmicos de segurança de aplicações (DAST) contra o endpoint em execução.
Monitorizar os registos em tempo de execução para traços de exceção invulgares, input malformado ou tentativas de contornar a autorização.
Revisão de código: sinalizar qualquer novo código que trate input desta superfície sem usar os ajudantes validados do framework.
CWE-241
Don't catalog this weakness. Prove it's reachable.
Plexicus turns CWE catalogs into evidence: every CWE-pattern is matched against your real code graph, reach is proven on a sandbox clone, and verified findings ship as reviewed PRs.
Perguntas frequentes O que é o CWE-241?
Qual a gravidade do CWE-241?
Que linguagens ou plataformas são afetadas pelo CWE-241?
Como posso prevenir o CWE-241?
Como é que o Plexicus deteta e corrige o CWE-241?
Onde posso saber mais sobre o CWE-241?
Frequently asked questions
O que é o CWE-241?
This vulnerability occurs when software fails to properly validate or safely process data that arrives in an unexpected format. For example, the system might expect a numeric input but receives text instead, leading to crashes, errors, or security issues.
Qual a gravidade do CWE-241?
A MITRE não publicou uma classificação de probabilidade de exploração para esta fraqueza. Trate-a como impacto médio até o seu modelo de ameaças provar o contrário.
Que linguagens ou plataformas são afetadas pelo CWE-241?
A MITRE não especificou as plataformas afetadas por este CWE — pode aplicar-se à maioria das stacks de aplicações.
Como posso prevenir o CWE-241?
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does. When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and…
Como é que o Plexicus deteta e corrige o CWE-241?
O motor SAST do Plexicus correlaciona a assinatura de fluxo de dados do CWE-241 em cada commit. Quando é encontrada uma correspondência, o nosso agente Codex Remedium abre um PR de correção com o código corrigido, testes e um resumo de uma linha para o revisor.
Onde posso saber mais sobre o CWE-241?
A MITRE publica a definição canónica em https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/241.html. Pode também consultar a documentação da OWASP e do NIST para orientações adjacentes.
Fraquezas relacionadas
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