Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)
CWE-1022 Variante Incompleto
Use of Web Link to Untrusted Target with window.opener Access
This vulnerability occurs when a web application links to an external, untrusted site without protecting its own window from being manipulated by that site. Specifically, it fails to prevent the…
Definição
What is CWE-1022?
This vulnerability occurs when a web application links to an external, untrusted site without protecting its own window from being manipulated by that site. Specifically, it fails to prevent the external page from altering security-sensitive properties of the `window.opener` object, such as the page's location.
When a link with `target="_blank"` opens an external site in a new tab, the new page gains a reference back to the originating page via the `window.opener` object. If the external site is compromised or malicious, it can execute scripts that read or modify properties of the `window.opener` object. This cross-origin access allows an attacker to, for example, silently change the `location` property of your original page, redirecting it to a phishing site without the user's knowledge.
Since the user's focus is on the newly opened tab, the original tab performing the redirect may not be visible. This makes the attack particularly stealthy, as users are unlikely to notice their original page has been hijacked until they return to it, potentially after entering sensitive information on a spoofed site.
Impacto no mundo real
Real-world CVEs caused by CWE-1022
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Library software does not use rel: "noopener noreferrer" setting, allowing tabnabbing attacks to redirect to a malicious page
Como os atacantes a exploram
Trajeto do atacante passo a passo
- 1
In this example, the application opens a link in a named window/tab without taking precautions to prevent the called page from tampering with the calling page's location in the browser.
- 2
There are two ways that this weakness is commonly seen. The first is when the application generates an tag is with target="_blank" to point to a target site:
- 3
If the attacker offers a useful page on this link (or compromises a trusted, popular site), then a user may click on this link. However, the attacker could use scripting code to modify the window.opener's location property to redirect the application to a malicious, attacker-controlled page - such as one that mimics the look and feel of the original application and convinces the user to re-enter authentication credentials, i.e. phishing:
- 4
To mitigate this type of weakness, some browsers support the "rel" attribute with a value of "noopener", which sets the window.opener object equal to null. Another option is to use the "rel" attribute with a value of "noreferrer", which in essence does the same thing.
- 5
A second way that this weakness is commonly seen is when opening a new site directly within JavaScript. In this case, a new site is opened using the window.open() function.
Exemplo de código vulnerável
Vulnerable HTML
There are two ways that this weakness is commonly seen. The first is when the application generates an tag is with target="_blank" to point to a target site:
<a href="http://attacker-site.example.com/useful-page.html" target="_blank"> Payload do atacante
If the attacker offers a useful page on this link (or compromises a trusted, popular site), then a user may click on this link. However, the attacker could use scripting code to modify the window.opener's location property to redirect the application to a malicious, attacker-controlled page - such as one that mimics the look and feel of the original application and convinces the user to re-enter authentication credentials, i.e. phishing:
window.opener.location = 'http://phishing.example.org/popular-bank-page'; Exemplo de código seguro
Secure HTML
To mitigate this type of weakness, some browsers support the "rel" attribute with a value of "noopener", which sets the window.opener object equal to null. Another option is to use the "rel" attribute with a value of "noreferrer", which in essence does the same thing.
<a href="http://attacker-site.example.com/useful-page.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> What changed: the unsafe sink is replaced (or the input is validated/escaped) so the same payload no longer triggers the weakness.
Lista de verificação de prevenção
How to prevent CWE-1022
- Architecture and Design Specify in the design that any linked external document must not be granted access to the location object of the calling page.
- Implementation When creating a link to an external document using the tag with a defined target, for example "_blank" or a named frame, provide the rel attribute with a value "noopener noreferrer". If opening the external document in a new window via javascript, then reset the opener by setting it equal to null.
- Implementation Do not use "_blank" targets. However, this can affect the usability of the application.
Sinais de deteção
How to detect CWE-1022
CWE-1022
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Perguntas frequentes O que é o CWE-1022?
Qual a gravidade do CWE-1022?
Que linguagens ou plataformas são afetadas pelo CWE-1022?
Como posso prevenir o CWE-1022?
Como é que o Plexicus deteta e corrige o CWE-1022?
Onde posso saber mais sobre o CWE-1022?
Frequently asked questions
O que é o CWE-1022?
This vulnerability occurs when a web application links to an external, untrusted site without protecting its own window from being manipulated by that site. Specifically, it fails to prevent the external page from altering security-sensitive properties of the `window.opener` object, such as the page's location.
Qual a gravidade do CWE-1022?
A MITRE classifica a probabilidade de exploração como Média — a exploração é realista mas normalmente requer condições específicas.
Que linguagens ou plataformas são afetadas pelo CWE-1022?
MITRE lists the following affected platforms: JavaScript, Web Based.
Como posso prevenir o CWE-1022?
Specify in the design that any linked external document must not be granted access to the location object of the calling page. When creating a link to an external document using the tag with a defined target, for example "_blank" or a named frame, provide the rel attribute with a value "noopener noreferrer". If opening the external document in a new window via javascript, then reset the opener by setting it equal to null.
Como é que o Plexicus deteta e corrige o CWE-1022?
O motor SAST do Plexicus correlaciona a assinatura de fluxo de dados do CWE-1022 em cada commit. Quando é encontrada uma correspondência, o nosso agente Codex Remedium abre um PR de correção com o código corrigido, testes e um resumo de uma linha para o revisor.
Onde posso saber mais sobre o CWE-1022?
A MITRE publica a definição canónica em https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1022.html. Pode também consultar a documentação da OWASP e do NIST para orientações adjacentes.
Fraquezas relacionadas
Weaknesses related to CWE-1022
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Recursos
Further reading
- MITRE — CWE-1022 oficial https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1022.html
- Target="_blank" - the most underestimated vulnerability ever https://medium.com/@jitbit/target-blank-the-most-underestimated-vulnerability-ever-96e328301f4c
- The target="_blank" vulnerability by example https://dev.to/ben/the-targetblank-vulnerability-by-example
- About rel=noopener https://mathiasbynens.github.io/rel-noopener/
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