CWE-821 Base Incompleto

Incorrect Synchronization

This vulnerability occurs when multiple parts of a program, such as threads or processes, access a shared resource like a variable, file, or data structure without proper coordination, leading to a…

Definición

What is CWE-821?

This vulnerability occurs when multiple parts of a program, such as threads or processes, access a shared resource like a variable, file, or data structure without proper coordination, leading to a race condition.
When concurrent access to a shared resource isn't properly synchronized, the resource's state can become corrupted or unpredictable. For example, one thread might read data while another is halfway through modifying it, resulting in calculations based on invalid or partially updated information. This breaks the program's logic and can cause crashes, data loss, or incorrect outputs. Attackers can exploit this lack of coordination to manipulate the timing of these accesses, potentially triggering security flaws like privilege escalation or data corruption. To prevent this, developers must use synchronization primitives—such as mutexes, semaphores, or atomic operations—to enforce orderly access and ensure the resource remains in a consistent, expected state for all users.
Impacto en el mundo real

Real-world CVEs caused by CWE-821

Todavía no hay CVEs públicos enlazados a esta CWE en el catálogo de MITRE.

Cómo lo explotan los atacantes

Ruta del atacante paso a paso

  1. 1

    Identifica una ruta de código que maneje entrada no confiable sin validación.

  2. 2

    Crea un payload que ejercite el comportamiento inseguro — inyección, traversal, overflow o abuso de lógica.

  3. 3

    Envía el payload a través de una solicitud normal y observa la reacción de la aplicación.

  4. 4

    Itera hasta que la respuesta filtre datos, ejecute código del atacante o escale privilegios.

Ejemplo de código vulnerable

Vulnerable pseudo

MITRE no ha publicado un ejemplo de código para esta CWE. El patrón siguiente es ilustrativo — consulta Recursos para referencias canónicas.

Vulnerable pseudo
// Example pattern — see MITRE for the canonical references.
function handleRequest(input) {
  // Untrusted input flows directly into the sensitive sink.
  return executeUnsafe(input);
}
Ejemplo de código seguro

Secure pseudo

Seguro pseudo
// Validate, sanitize, or use a safe API before reaching the sink.
function handleRequest(input) {
  const safe = validateAndEscape(input);
  return executeWithGuards(safe);
}
What changed: the unsafe sink is replaced (or the input is validated/escaped) so the same payload no longer triggers the weakness.
Lista de prevención

How to prevent CWE-821

  • Architecture Use safe-by-default frameworks and APIs that prevent the unsafe pattern from being expressible.
  • Implementation Validate input at trust boundaries; use allowlists, not denylists.
  • Implementation Apply the principle of least privilege to credentials, file paths, and runtime permissions.
  • Testing Cover this weakness in CI: SAST rules + targeted unit tests for the data flow.
  • Operation Monitor logs for the runtime signals listed in the next section.
Señales de detección

How to detect CWE-821

SAST High

Ejecuta análisis estático (SAST) sobre el código buscando el patrón inseguro en el flujo de datos.

DAST Moderate

Ejecuta pruebas dinámicas de seguridad de aplicaciones (DAST) contra el endpoint en vivo.

Runtime Moderate

Vigila los logs en tiempo de ejecución para detectar trazas de excepción inusuales, entradas malformadas o intentos de bypass de autorización.

Code review Moderate

Revisión de código: marca cualquier código nuevo que maneje entrada desde esta superficie sin usar los helpers validados del framework.

CWE-821

Don't catalog this weakness. Prove it's reachable.

Plexicus turns CWE catalogs into evidence: every CWE-pattern is matched against your real code graph, reach is proven on a sandbox clone, and verified findings ship as reviewed PRs.

Preguntas frecuentes

Frequently asked questions

¿Qué es CWE-821?

This vulnerability occurs when multiple parts of a program, such as threads or processes, access a shared resource like a variable, file, or data structure without proper coordination, leading to a race condition.

¿Qué gravedad tiene CWE-821?

MITRE no ha publicado una calificación de probabilidad de explotación para esta debilidad. Trátala como de impacto medio hasta que tu modelo de amenazas demuestre lo contrario.

¿Qué lenguajes o plataformas se ven afectados por CWE-821?

MITRE no ha especificado plataformas afectadas para esta CWE — puede aplicar a la mayoría de los stacks de aplicaciones.

¿Cómo puedo prevenir CWE-821?

Use safe-by-default frameworks, validate untrusted input at trust boundaries, and apply the principle of least privilege. Cover the data-flow signature in CI with SAST.

¿Cómo detecta y corrige Plexicus CWE-821?

El motor SAST de Plexicus detecta la firma de flujo de datos para CWE-821 en cada commit. Cuando hay coincidencia, nuestro agente Codex Remedium abre un PR de corrección con el código corregido, las pruebas y un resumen de una línea para el revisor.

¿Dónde puedo aprender más sobre CWE-821?

MITRE publica la definición canónica en https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/821.html. También puedes consultar la documentación de OWASP y NIST para guías relacionadas.

Debilidades relacionadas

Weaknesses related to CWE-821

CWE-662 Padre

Improper Synchronization

This vulnerability occurs when a multi-threaded or multi-process application allows shared resources to be accessed by multiple threads or…

CWE-1058 Hermano

Invokable Control Element in Multi-Thread Context with non-Final Static Storable or Member Element

This happens when a method or function, designed to run in a multi-threaded environment, accesses or modifies a non-final static variable…

CWE-1096 Hermano

Singleton Class Instance Creation without Proper Locking or Synchronization

This flaw occurs when a Singleton class is implemented without proper thread-safe controls, allowing multiple instances to be created in…

CWE-366 Hermano

Race Condition within a Thread

This vulnerability occurs when two or more threads within the same application access and manipulate a shared resource (like a variable,…

CWE-543 Hermano

Use of Singleton Pattern Without Synchronization in a Multithreaded Context

This vulnerability occurs when a singleton pattern is implemented in a multithreaded application without proper synchronization,…

CWE-567 Hermano

Unsynchronized Access to Shared Data in a Multithreaded Context

This vulnerability occurs when multiple threads in an application can read and modify shared data, like static variables, without proper…

CWE-663 Hermano

Use of a Non-reentrant Function in a Concurrent Context

This vulnerability occurs when a program uses a function that is not safe for reentrancy within a concurrent environment, such as…

CWE-667 Hermano

Improper Locking

This vulnerability occurs when a program fails to correctly acquire or release a lock on a shared resource, such as a file, database…

CWE-764 Hermano

Multiple Locks of a Critical Resource

This vulnerability occurs when a critical resource, such as a file, data structure, or connection, is locked more times than the software…

¿Listo para validar lo que importa?

Listo para validar lo que importa.

Plexicus es Proof-Driven AppSec: hallazgos validados, comprensión contextual y remediación revisada — anclada en evidencia, acotada contigo.

Calificación

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SAMPLE HANDOVER · ILLUSTRATIVE

Sample evidence handover

A trimmed view of what your team receives at the end of an AI Swarm Pentest engagement. Real engagements include full technical evidence, executive narrative, and a remediation plan.

VALIDATED FINDING Evidence attached

Server-Side Request Forgery in webhooks/receiver

demo-project/sample-app · src/webhooks/receiver.py:42

SeverityHigh CVSS 3.18.6 Priority79 Confirmedvia replay

Untrusted caller-supplied URLs reach an internal egress without an allowlist. Replayed in a sandbox against a fresh authorized target — the same control was validated to fail twice.

REVIEWER-READY REMEDIATION Merge-ready PR

Validate the target URL against an allowlist of permitted hostnames. Reject private/internal IP ranges. Enforce HTTPS only.

plexicus/remediation/webhooks-ssrf 3 changed · 0 new files
42resp = requests.get(target_url)
42+if not is_allowed_host(target_url):
43+  raise WebhookRejected(target_url)
44+resp = requests.get(target_url, timeout=5)
Every engagement hands over:
  • Executive briefing
  • Validated findings list
  • Merge-ready PRs
  • Compliance mapping (NIS2 · DORA · CRA)
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