CWE-1025 Base Incomplete

Comparison Using Wrong Factors

This weakness occurs when a program compares two items but checks the wrong properties or attributes. This flawed comparison leads to incorrect decisions, creating security and logic errors.

Definition

What is CWE-1025?

This weakness occurs when a program compares two items but checks the wrong properties or attributes. This flawed comparison leads to incorrect decisions, creating security and logic errors.
At its core, this bug happens because the comparison logic doesn't align with the developer's actual intent. For instance, you might intend to compare the data inside two objects, but the code accidentally compares their memory addresses instead. This causes two objects with identical content to be seen as different, breaking the program's expected flow. To prevent this, always verify that your comparison operators or custom equality methods are evaluating the correct, relevant characteristics. In object-oriented languages, this often means overriding the standard equality method to compare internal state, not object references. For primitive data, ensure you're not mistakenly comparing metadata (like string lengths as a proxy for content) instead of the values themselves.
Auswirkungen in der Praxis

Real-world CVEs caused by CWE-1025

Bisher sind in MITREs Katalog keine öffentlichen CVE-Referenzen mit dieser CWE verknüpft.

Wie Angreifer es ausnutzen

Angreiferpfad Schritt für Schritt

  1. 1

    Identifiziere einen Codepfad, der nicht vertrauenswürdige Eingaben ohne Validierung verarbeitet.

  2. 2

    Erzeuge eine Payload, die das unsichere Verhalten auslöst — Injection, Traversal, Overflow oder Logik-Missbrauch.

  3. 3

    Liefere die Payload über einen normalen Request aus und beobachte die Reaktion der Anwendung.

  4. 4

    Iteriere, bis die Antwort Daten preisgibt, Angreifer-Code ausführt oder Berechtigungen eskaliert.

Verwundbares Codebeispiel

Vulnerable Java

In the example below, two Java String objects are declared and initialized with the same string values. An if statement is used to determine if the strings are equivalent.

Verwundbar Java
String str1 = new String("Hello");
  String str2 = new String("Hello");
  if (str1 == str2) {
  	System.out.println("str1 == str2");
  }
Sicheres Codebeispiel

Secure Java

However, the if statement will not be executed as the strings are compared using the "==" operator. For Java objects, such as String objects, the "==" operator compares object references, not object values. While the two String objects above contain the same string values, they refer to different object references, so the System.out.println statement will not be executed. To compare object values, the previous code could be modified to use the equals method:

Sicher Java
if (str1.equals(str2)) {
  	System.out.println("str1 equals str2");
  }
What changed: the unsafe sink is replaced (or the input is validated/escaped) so the same payload no longer triggers the weakness.
Präventions-Checkliste

How to prevent CWE-1025

  • Testing Thoroughly test the comparison scheme before deploying code into production. Perform positive testing as well as negative testing.
Erkennungssignale

How to detect CWE-1025

SAST High

Führe statische Analyse (SAST) auf der Codebasis aus und suche im Datenfluss nach dem unsicheren Muster.

DAST Moderate

Führe dynamische Application-Security-Tests gegen den Live-Endpoint aus.

Runtime Moderate

Beobachte Runtime-Logs auf ungewöhnliche Exception-Traces, fehlerhafte Eingaben oder Versuche, Autorisierung zu umgehen.

Code review Moderate

Code Review: Markiere jeden neuen Code, der Eingaben von dieser Oberfläche ohne validierte Framework-Helper verarbeitet.

CWE-1025

Don't catalog this weakness. Prove it's reachable.

Plexicus turns CWE catalogs into evidence: every CWE-pattern is matched against your real code graph, reach is proven on a sandbox clone, and verified findings ship as reviewed PRs.

Häufig gestellte Fragen

Frequently asked questions

Was ist CWE-1025?

This weakness occurs when a program compares two items but checks the wrong properties or attributes. This flawed comparison leads to incorrect decisions, creating security and logic errors.

Wie gravierend ist CWE-1025?

MITRE hat für diese Schwachstelle keine Exploit-Wahrscheinlichkeit veröffentlicht. Behandle sie als mittlere Auswirkung, bis dein Threat Model anderes belegt.

Welche Sprachen oder Plattformen sind von CWE-1025 betroffen?

MITRE hat für diese CWE keine betroffenen Plattformen spezifiziert — sie kann in den meisten Anwendungs-Stacks auftreten.

Wie kann ich CWE-1025 verhindern?

Thoroughly test the comparison scheme before deploying code into production. Perform positive testing as well as negative testing.

Wie erkennt und behebt Plexicus CWE-1025?

Die SAST-Engine von Plexicus erkennt die Datenfluss-Signatur von CWE-1025 bei jedem Commit. Bei einem Treffer öffnet unser Codex-Remedium-Agent einen Fix-PR mit korrigiertem Code, Tests und einer einzeiligen Zusammenfassung für den Reviewer.

Wo erfahre ich mehr über CWE-1025?

MITRE veröffentlicht die kanonische Definition unter https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/1025.html. Für ergänzende Hinweise kannst du auch die OWASP- und NIST-Dokumentation heranziehen.

Verwandte Schwachstellen

Weaknesses related to CWE-1025

CWE-697 Parent

Incorrect Comparison

This weakness occurs when a security-critical decision relies on a flawed comparison between two pieces of data. The incorrect logic can…

CWE-1023 Sibling

Incomplete Comparison with Missing Factors

This weakness occurs when a program compares two items but fails to check all the necessary attributes that define their true…

CWE-1024 Sibling

Comparison of Incompatible Types

This vulnerability occurs when code directly compares two values of fundamentally different data types, which can lead to unreliable or…

CWE-1039 Sibling

Inadequate Detection or Handling of Adversarial Input Perturbations in Automated Recognition Mechanism

This vulnerability occurs when a system uses automated AI or machine learning to classify complex inputs like images, audio, or text, but…

CWE-1077 Sibling

Floating Point Comparison with Incorrect Operator

This vulnerability occurs when code compares two floating-point numbers using direct equality operators (like == or !=) without accounting…

CWE-1254 Sibling

Incorrect Comparison Logic Granularity

This vulnerability occurs when a system compares sensitive data, like passwords or authentication tokens, piece-by-piece instead of as a…

CWE-183 Sibling

Permissive List of Allowed Inputs

This vulnerability occurs when an application's security filter uses an allowlist that is too broad, mistakenly permitting dangerous…

CWE-185 Sibling

Incorrect Regular Expression

This vulnerability occurs when a regular expression is written incorrectly, causing it to match or validate data in unintended and…

CWE-581 Sibling

Object Model Violation: Just One of Equals and Hashcode Defined

This vulnerability occurs when a Java class defines either the equals() method or the hashCode() method, but not both, breaking a…

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SAMPLE HANDOVER · ILLUSTRATIVE

Sample evidence handover

A trimmed view of what your team receives at the end of an AI Swarm Pentest engagement. Real engagements include full technical evidence, executive narrative, and a remediation plan.

VALIDATED FINDING Evidence attached

Server-Side Request Forgery in webhooks/receiver

demo-project/sample-app · src/webhooks/receiver.py:42

SeverityHigh CVSS 3.18.6 Priority79 Confirmedvia replay

Untrusted caller-supplied URLs reach an internal egress without an allowlist. Replayed in a sandbox against a fresh authorized target — the same control was validated to fail twice.

REVIEWER-READY REMEDIATION Merge-ready PR

Validate the target URL against an allowlist of permitted hostnames. Reject private/internal IP ranges. Enforce HTTPS only.

plexicus/remediation/webhooks-ssrf 3 changed · 0 new files
42resp = requests.get(target_url)
42+if not is_allowed_host(target_url):
43+  raise WebhookRejected(target_url)
44+resp = requests.get(target_url, timeout=5)
Every engagement hands over:
  • Executive briefing
  • Validated findings list
  • Merge-ready PRs
  • Compliance mapping (NIS2 · DORA · CRA)
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